(8,16) The reactivity of the bimetallic metals is central to an electrochemical conversion that generates ERDF, and highly reactive metallic pairs that promote electrocatalytic conversion have been researched as suitable alternatives to the classical Pt–Au bimetallic pair.

Hydrogen peroxide decomposition has been central to many proof-of-concept studies however, other fuel substitutes such as hydrazine derivatives and iodine have found relevance in generating ERDF, which eliminates the complexities of oxygen bubbles associated with peroxide decomposition. The fuel that powers chemical energy conversion has been a subject of interest in some studies. Many studies have focused on the chemomechanical mechanism that drives ERDF, and they will be briefly highlighted. The interplay between these coupled phenomena under different reaction regimes is the main focus of this paper. (14,15) The reaction mechanism involving proton generation and consumption, as well as its impact on the reaction kinetics and the resulting fluid flow, is not fully understood. The combination of these techniques highlights the interplay between electrocatalytic and electrokinetic phenomena on the occurrence of flow reversal.ĮRDF has been explored in various instances, such as the enhancement of mass transport across a membrane in a compartment-less fuel cell, (12) oxygen generation, (13) and colloidal crystallization. Our numerical simulations elucidate the role of pH variations and additional ionic species (counterions) toward flow reversal. The fluid flow dynamics under reactive regimes are visualized by the use of particle tracking.

The proton gradient that initiates chemomechanical actuation is probed with the use of fluorescence lifetime imaging. The key electrocatalytic parameters that contribute to flow reversal are analyzed experimentally and numerically under low reactive regimes induced by bulk pH variations. This work aims at unraveling the origin and dynamics of this flow hysteresis through a combined experimental and numerical approach. However, under low reactive regimes, the generated flow becomes fully reversed, which cannot be explained by the classical electroosmotic theory. Immobilized bimetallic structures generate fluid flow during electrocatalytic reactions with hydrogen peroxide, which is typically driven from the anodic metal to the cathodic metal similar to an electroosmotic flow.

Fps counter mass effect